Methodology

Data sources

• MOEX ISS — quotes, daily candles, instrument reference data and trading parameters of the Moscow Exchange.
• GIR BO (Federal Tax Service) — statutory financial statements of Russian legal entities under RAS, from the state register.
• Issuer disclosure — material facts, dividend decisions and corporate events from the official disclosure venues.
• Bank of Russia — the key rate, currency rates and macro benchmarks.
• World markets and the US — daily candles of US securities and world indices — Yahoo Finance; the US listings directory — Nasdaq Trader; US issuer disclosure — SEC EDGAR; delayed quotes and options — Cboe; US rates and the yield curve — the US Treasury and the Fed; currency rates against the euro — the European Central Bank.
• Cryptocurrencies — the coin directory, market cap and dominance — CoinGecko; quotes of trading pairs — Binance, and where a pair is not listed there — Bybit, OKX and Kraken; DeFi total value locked — DefiLlama; on-chain network metrics — Coin Metrics Community.
• Public statement aggregators — a secondary source for reconciling historical series; a supplement, never a replacement for the primary source.

The visitor's country is resolved from the IP address on the server using the DB-IP Lite Country database — solely to suggest the relevant market. The address itself is not stored and is not passed to analytics. Data provided by DB-IP under the CC BY 4.0 licence.

Facts and derived values

We separate data taken directly from the primary source (price, volume, a statement line, a dividend amount) from values we compute ourselves (yields, multiples, growth rates, scores). Derived figures are computed by transparent formulas from stored factual data — we never present our own estimates as official values.

Formulas of the main figures

• Dividend yield over 12 months — the sum of payments over the last 365 days up to today ÷ the closing price of the last completed trading day. Announced payments that have not yet happened are not included; if there was no payment in 12 months, no yield is shown.
• Market capitalisation — the sum over all of the issuer's securities: number of shares × last price. For an issuer part of whose capital does not trade on the exchange, multiples are not computed.
• P/E — market capitalisation ÷ net income over the last 12 months.
• P/B — market capitalisation ÷ equity from the latest annual report.
• P/S — market capitalisation ÷ revenue over the last 12 months.
• EV and EV/EBITDA — EV = market capitalisation + net debt; EV/EBITDA = EV ÷ EBITDA over the last 12 months. For banks, EV-based figures are not computed.

A multiple is computed from one reporting standard, with no mixing of RAS and IFRS. A zero or negative denominator (a loss, negative equity) gives no number rather than a strange one. How the sentiment indicators are computed is set out in the methodology of each, in the Indicators section; the full list of sources with delays and terms of use is in Data sources.

RAS and IFRS

Russian companies publish statements under RAS (standalone, Russian standards) and, for many issuers, under IFRS (consolidated, international standards). These are different perimeters, so we always state the standard and the period (year / quarter / LTM) and never mix figures across standards when comparing.

How current the data is

Public pages read stored data from our database and never call an external source while answering — refreshes happen in the background. Where a figure shows the date or time it is current as of, it sits above the table or in the block caption ("data as of 10 Oct, 19:00 MSK"); daily values carry only a date. Document pages like this one contain no figures, so they carry no timestamp. A link to the primary source appears where applicable. Where the data is not sufficient for a correct figure, we prefer to show nothing rather than substitute an approximation.

How often the data is refreshed. The intervals below are the background refresh schedule during the trading session; the delay is the one set by the exchange itself.

• Moscow Exchange quotes: shares, indices, futures, currencies — refreshed every 10–180 seconds; the exchange's public quotes are delayed by 15 minutes.
• Moscow Exchange bonds and funds — refreshed every 5–15 minutes; the exchange's delay is 15 minutes.
• Hourly candles of shares — refreshed every 15 minutes.
• End-of-day results — collected after the close, around 19:10 MSK.
• Cryptocurrencies — refreshed every 15–60 seconds, around the clock.
• Dividend calendar — checked against public calendars every 30 minutes.

Limits

Data may carry delays, gaps and errors from the primary sources. We aim for accuracy but do not guarantee it; the correction procedure is set out in the Editorial policy. These materials are not personal investment advice — see the Disclaimer.